The Three Ideological Elements on Totalitarianism Essay

The Three Ideological Elements on Totalitarianism - Essay Example American Revolution focused more on the political freedom instead of the basic economic needs. She also determines an important link between the constitution and revolution; totalitarianism and modernism and post modernism and ideology and terror. Introduction: Totalitarianism has been the driving force for the political and philosophical debates for centuries, resulting in direct questioning of the ideological thinking of the time which induces a person or society to act in accordance with the existing system. Hannah Arendt can be considered a feminist authority on the political debates which as emerged in the context of Totalitarianism. Her political philosophy is diverse and challenging; has been nurtured for the sole purpose of evoking strong desire for freedom and emancipation which has been the core force leading to revolutions around the world. This element is very significant in the forces which lead to American and French revolution. The issue of totalitarianism is as present today as it was centuries ago, it is the push for domination leading towards evil and terror experienced by the dominant society, in which the strings of control lies in the hands of selected few autocratic and power hungry people like Hitler an d Stalin. Her phenomenal attention to the understanding of the ideology behind totalitarianism is rooted in the concept of 'total domination' (Bernestein, 2002). According to Arendt total domination, "strives to organize the infinite plurality and differentiation of human beings as if all of humanity were just one individual .... The problem is to fabricate something that does not exist, namely, a kind of human species resembling other animal species whose only 'freedom' would consist in 'preserving the species'. Totalitarian domination attempts to achieve this goal through ideological indoctrination of the elite formations and through absolute terror in the camps. . ."(Arendt, 1968,pg.438). The concentration and extermination camps symbolize this "logic of total domination"(Bernstein,2002); they are the laboratories in which the ideological conviction that "everything is possible"(Bernstein,2002) is tested. Her insightful analysis of the political thought draws its force from the general political concepts which are seated in the core drivers of the political vehicle like authority, power, state and sovereignty. She evaluates the ideologies in the light of the totalitarian movement for "total domination" and its terror filled impact on the human race leading to revolutions and global political changes. She aims to integrate the phenomenological prioritization which is based on experiential characteristic of the human race and attempts to uncover the fundamental structures of the political experience through the ages of turmoil, revolution and political changes. Arendt's phenomenological approach aims to investigate the availability of the structures and the characteristics of the political being as distinct from the moral, practical, artistic, productive and other forms of life. Her work focuses on the human action oriented with labour, action and work which are the characteristics use d to uncover the phenomenologi

THE ROLE OF NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION(NGOs) IN THE FORMULATION OF Essay

THE ROLE OF NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION(NGOs) IN THE FORMULATION OF EFFECTIVE MARITIME POLICIES - Essay Example NGOs influence the formulation of maritime policy through the various roles they play in the society. The marine policy is the sector of private and public policies that looks into marine conservation and protection (Roe, 2013, p.411). In respect to the system, they are established in accordance with both national and international laws and regulation. Also, it requires consideration of maritime labor, ocean laws, policy, and managements as well as maritime security and defense. The Integrated Maritime Policy endeavors to provide a more logical approach to marine issues, which improves coordination between diverse policy areas (Roe, 2013, p. 413). First, the plan focuses on the issues that are not covered under one sector-based policy, for instance, blue growth that checks on economic growth in relation to various maritime sectors. Second, it deals with issues that need the coordination of dissimilar sectors and actors, for example, maritime knowledge and data. The other areas of concern include maritime spatial planning, integrated maritime surveillance and sea basin strategies. In exploring the roles and goals of NGOs towards the maritime policy formulation, this essay focuses on four NGOs. First, we have the Greenspace NGO. Secondly, the essay focuses on the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). The International Union For The Conservation Of Nature (IUCN) is the third NGO. Finally, the essay will explore the Green Reef NGO. These NGOs have their areas of specification in relation to International Maritime Organization (IMO) requirements. IMO fights for the conservation of the sea and ocean waters as well as the aquatic life in those waters (International Maritime Organization, 2011, p. 4). Greenspace NGO, established in the year 2003, operates mainly in the Americas’ territories in the United States (Douglas & James, 2015, p. 462). Greenspace, NCR, Inc. refers to a non-profit

Ancient and Medieval Political Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Ancient and Medieval Political Theory - Essay Example Aristocratic government is not really idealistic, however during the roman heights, kingship and democracy could have been more prevalent, and the democracy practiced then could have been an inverted aristocracy. Even though discusses the three concept of unmixed government, he opines that the roman government is a blend of the three styles of government. Consuls correspond to the idea of monarchy, the senate embodied aristocracy and democracy was reflected in the state’s public gathering. Systems of government differ with each with its own advantages and disadvantages, but due to man’s conscious desire for freedom, democracy has emerged to be an overwhelming favorite throughout the globe. Present day ideas behind democracy would totally differ with the notion held by Polybius during the ancient roman glory. The government as perceived by Polybius would be unmanageable with the advent of the more conscious modern man. The United States political system mirrors that was described by Polybius in the book, and that of the evolution of the American system showed the empire growth of the ancient

The effects of globalisation on women

The effects of globalisation on women Although the term globalisation was only known to me from items on TV and in newspapers, I have tried to make a thorough analysis in this paper for my English course. I am not an economist, so the subject was rather new to me. In the different media, globalisation is usually dealt covered from an anti-globalisation angle. This raises the first very important question: is globalisation all negative or does a global economy also have merits? Unfortunately, because the subject is so extensive I have to narrow it down. I therefore choose to describe the participation of women in the process of globalisation. The paper is constructed around the following themes: à ¢-  What is globalisation? à ¢-  How does globalisation affect women? An introduction à ¢-  Participation of women in the economy Effects of export, economic foundation The Infant Industry Argument à ¢-  Womens representation in the political process à ¢-  Women and education à ¢-  Women and health à ¢-  Modern Day Slavery à ¢-  Violence against women à ¢-  The rise of NGOs à ¢-  An interview with an Usbek girl à ¢-  Conclusion à ¢-  What is globalisation? Being spread all over the world, that would be the literal definition of globalisation. With the means of modern technology and communication, used all over the world these days, we know almost immediately what is happening on the other side of the world. We get more connected with each other and, as a consequence, we become evermore dependant on one another. Our world has increasingly become a unity, because globalisation establishes itself on a political, economic, social and cultural level and these four groups are related. The term globalisation is not new, some say that the process started in the 15th century when the Europeans or more specific the Portuguese and Spanish wanted to expand and travelled oversees, thus conquering the South and Middle-American continent. Also bear in mind the battle between the English, French and Belgians over Africa. Other sources state that globalisation began in the early eighties thanks to new information technologies such as the Internet. As a result of this globalisation, the economies of different countries met and were forced to cooperate, necessitating the construction of one system so all economies could merge. In order to realise globalisation as we know it at present it is critical that some companies and less powerful concerns are gradually replaced by big and powerful multinationals and big monetary companies. But globalisation is a much bigger process than the mere increase of international trade and foreign investments. When we take a look at companies in Belgium, we notice a strong mobility of capital and workers. Globalisation is a global realisation of a world economy; custom houses are no longer needed and therefore abolished, prices increase so the returns of companies grow bigger. We aim for as much privatisation as possible where companies part of the public sector are transferred to the private sector. à ¢-  How does globalisation affect women? An introduction. The United Nations watches over the rights of all people, including women. It estimates that over 58 million primary-school-aged girls worldwide are not enrolled in school, more than two-thirds of the worlds births occur outside health facilities. Many countries, among which the United States of America have not signed or ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). It is not very difficult to see that the life of women has greatly improved since globalisation, particularly in third world countries where women had a lot of catching up to do. Nevertheless, the development of women in areas of life such as education, health and civil rights is still very limited. According to the United States Agency for International Development and the World Bank, 55% (of a total of 72 million) of female primary-school-aged children do not attend school. Furthermore, when they do receive the opportunity to get an education, it is less likely that they complete their primary school compared to boys. International communities, such as the United Nations, use and monitor indicators of gender equality. In 2010 the United Nations wrote their UNs Millennium Development Goals in which they verify gender equality and the empowerment of women. Some of the indicators of gender equality used by the United Nations are levels of female enrolment at school, participation in the workplace and representation in decision-making positions and political institutions. Many international conferences have discussed the various and unique problems women have to face. The UN have created a new identity: United Nations Women. It controls gender equality and the implementation of laws regarding female rights. à ¢-  Participation of women in the economy Effect of export, economic foundation A close inspection of a few economic principles reveals that a country benefits from trade with other countries. We can safely say that a countrys welfare increases as soon as it becomes an exporting country. If the world price for a product is higher than the domestic price, a country will export its goods. By doing so, the total surplus increases. On the other hand, when the world price is lower than the domestic price, the country must import goods to have an increase in total surplus. Either way, a countrys welfare will always increase by setting up trade. The Infant Industry Argument Many third world countries are convinced they should follow the theory described in economic literature as The Infant Industry Argument, stating that trade restrictions will help a developing industry to get started. These countries think that their industry will be able to compete with foreign competitors after a period of protection. However, there are many reasons why economists are sceptical about this protectionalism. First of all, these restrictions are difficult to put into practice. Some questions the government will be faced with are: which industry will be profitable? and will the benefit of establishing these industries exceed the cost for consumers? Dont forget the problem of protection mostly going to those companies that are politically powerful. Also, it is very hard to remove this temporary policy. In addition, many economists are sceptical about the infant industry argument, even in principle. When the industry is unable to compete, but can prove profitable in the long run, the owners of the firms should be willing to incur losses. After a while, they can obtain possible profit. So, by being an exporting country, a quicker economic grow is more likely and consequently, a country that wants to expand its economy, has to be able to put many people at work. In that hypothesis, women have to be part of the working class. Closer inspection of different third world countries shows that womens employment varies greatly. In some countries in the Middle East participation of women in the local economy is the greatest of the world. In East-Asia 67 % of all women is working while the global average is 53%. On the other hand we find very few women being part of the working population in some Arab countries, for example only 15 % in Saudi-Arabia. When we look at the reasons why there are so many and great differences in employment of women, we finally discover a difference in social-cultural factors. For example, many Maghreb countries believe that women cannot work. Likewise women are being tightly politically controlled in many Arabic countries, with laws describing what a woman should and should not do. Mostly, they have to stay at home and take care of the children and the household. Having said that, women are obviously called upon to contribute to the family earnings by going out to work when the family grows and the household increases. Yet, on the other hand, she is the first to give up her career and stay home as soon as she has children. This is not the only problem women face; in most countries, even in so-called developed ones, women are worse off than men. They earn less money for the same work and will not easily make it to decision-making jobs. More often than not women are to be found in such sectors as education and sanitation. So, what is the effect of globalisation on these issues? We can see that globalisation improves womens economic achievements; they will be able to earn and control their income and as such, empower themselves to negotiate their role and status in their household as well as in society. Countries must change their way on women because women are essential for the increase of the national economy. Employing only men will not be sufficient to reach that goal. The gains for women who work are double: womens employment does not only increase the economy, it also appears to improve child survival rate, family health and to reduce fertility rates. Unfortunately, the situation is not always positive. Even though a number of these countries are able to put women to work, the job is often dangerous or the working conditions are very bad. They even have to carry out jobs men turn down. Additionally, women have little rights concerning working hours, health care, privacy protection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ These gender-related problems arent restricted to underdeveloped countries, though. When looking at Europe, for instance, it is women who are most likely to be discharged in times of recession. Also, in most European countries, women still do not earn the same wages as men. It is less likely to find a woman in an important job than a man. Mostly, the reason is that men have the positions to hire people and often they think that a man is a safer choice. In some companies it is customary not to employ women in their fertile years, because of the cost of having to employ a substitute during the womans maternity leave. Organisations such as Human Rights Watch zealously battle for legal protection of women labourers. They also want to strengthen their legal protection and ensure easy access to legal resources. By doing so, they aim to increase participation in work as a positive development for women, when the law is on their side, men will give them the opportunity to work outside the household. Still, every beginning is hard. Underlying factors have to be changed before serious progress can be made. As the United Nations stated: Women have entered the labour force in unprecedented numbers, increasing the potential for their ability to participate in economic decision making at various levels, starting with the household. à ¢-  Womens representation in the Political Process Many international agreements discuss the goal of gender equality, yet many local governments lack female participation. Nevertheless, increased representation of women in decision making is crucial for the empowerment of women. World conferences like the Beijing Fourth World Conference and the Millennium Development Goals recommend several programs for this purpose. However, when we investigate recent data we notice that the process is slow and the outcome around the world is very different. Many organisations such as the Women Leaders Initiative, created by the World Economic Forum tried to up the participation of women in global economy, by increasing the representation of women leaders at global summits. The target internationally agreed upon is a female representation of 30 %. In 2010, 26 countries, among which Belgium and the Netherlands, reached this target. Some governments pulled through by introducing quotas for womens political participation. But increasing womens representation is not the only issue governments have to deal with. When women arrive in decision-making jobs by quota, they do not only have to be present, but they also have to be genuinely involved in the actual decision making process. Unfortunately, not all women are fully prepared for the job. In the new Bulgarian parliament, for example, women secured 26% of the votes (40% of the eligible positions were occupied by women as a result of campaigns by NGOs). But after the election a study showed that women were not fully prepared for their career. They apparently did not want to represent womens rights or interests. Currently, only 9 countries around the world have a female leader. à ¢-  Women and education Where education is concerned, research yields very different results in different places. In a number of African countries, women cant go to primary school, for instance. This situation is completely the opposite in some Asian countries where there are more women than men in secondary schools. Generally speaking, girls in the poorest countries have the lowest chance of getting an education. Yet school attendance is not the only issue we have to measure; illiteracy is an extremely important problem, seeing that 64% of all illiterate adults worldwide are women. Illiteracy is one of the indicators used by the UN Millennium Development Goal to progress gender equality. The international community hopes, and I quote the Levin Institute, to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education in all levels of education no later than 2015. We know that education is very important, educated women stand a slimmer chance of living in poverty, hence alleviating poverty in general. Non-governmental organisations such as the UNESCO also state that female education has positive effects on child health and provides other members of the household the chance to educate themselves. Furthermore, women who have enjoyed an education participate more in the economy. When looking at extremely poor countries which are mostly rural, women are not likely to complete any type of schooling. Yet, education is a basic human right and as such defined in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. The World Education Forum hopes to see changes in attitudes, values and practices to end gender inequality. The UNESCO noted that, especially in poor African countries, it is not the policy that holds women back. A Girls education is not valued in many societies because women have to take care of the household. Therefore only boys can receive an education, because they have to learn skills to work outside the home. In some countries it is very difficult to go to school because of the distance. Primary schools are usually near the home, but because secondary schools are at a considerable distance, they are often not attended because if they do attend the children have to leave home. Exposing girls to the outside world seems not important . Their place is at home, doing the household. The only knowledge they need for cooking and caring for others, they learn from their mothers and older sisters. Another problem is that schools do not provide with adjusted sanitary facilities for girls. So governments have to fund schools to build lavatories for males and females. In some countries, families are offered a small fee if they send their girls to school. To eliminate fraud, the salary will only be given to the family after the children have passed their exams. By doing so, parents are also affected in the process of change. Globalisation provides the world with the opportunity to make changes. Global organisation can monitor all countries and set up rules so that women get the power they need. By giving them an education they are also given the opportunity to speak for themselves. à ¢-  Women and health Poor health is a problem numerous developing countries have to face. Reasons are limited services or access to them, lack of education and too little information about health issues. When looking at the situation of women, it is evident that they are also affected by other problems concerning health. For example, mal nutrition, sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy complications. Although in many cultures women are the first to take care of others who are in need, they are often the last to receive medical treatment themselves. Organisations such as the World Bank try to educate women by teaching them how to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases like HIV. In some countries in Africa and Asia the contamination with HIV has taken the form of an epidemic among women. Studies show that women are twice as likely to be infected with contagious diseases than men, especially due to a lack of information and education. The reason that women are more affected is to be explained by gender inequality. Women are not in the position to refuse sex or to demand the use of a condom. By promoting gender equality, womens rights organisations try to improve the bad position of girls and women. Women have to be taught to speak up for themselves and control their own lives, they have to show resistance to the often very dominating males. Educational programs developed by organisations such as the UNIFEM provide them with information about nutrition in order to have a healthier life. This is not only useful for the women themselves, but the whole household will benefit by it. One of the most important issues non- governmental organisations have to deal with is maternal health, especially when realising that the majority of maternal deaths can be prevented. In many cultures the life of a woman is worth less than the time necessary to bring her to a health centre. Often the family waits too long to seek medical help so that the woman dies before even getting to a hospital. Only by giving women proper health care and information, the number of deaths during child birth can be reduced. Via special programs women are pointed out the dangers of breast feeding when the mother is HIV positive. Along with the information regarding the risks for the baby, the mothers are offered milk powder and bottles to feed the little ones. Another very delicate problem is that of abortion. In many cultures pregnancy termination is prohibited and women have no rights to argue. Birth control methods are not used and in some religions even forbidden so that women are almost always pregnant. This way the pressure on the household is enormous, frequently with poverty as a result. Also women who have many children to look after have no time left to go out. They have nowhere for a little bit of privacy or tranquillity. The issue of birth control brings us to another problem women in poor countries have to deal with. Because abortion is not debatable, some women seek refuge in unsafe abortions as last resort when they want to terminate a pregnancy without the family knowing. These issues remain controversial, not only in third world countries but in all countries with religious societies such as Catholic and Muslim countries. Nevertheless, scientific studies show a connection between poverty and the number of children a woman has. When the poverty of women decreases, the fertility rate increases. Also, a woman who has less children to take care of is able to give these children a better education and development. The Human Rights Commission identifies the practices most threatening to women as (I quote): Female circumcision, known as female genital mutilation to its opponents, which involves the excision of a womans external sexual organs; Other forms of mutilation, such as facial scarring; Various nutritional taboos; Traditional practices associated with childbirth; The problem of dowries in some parts of the world; Honor killing The consequences of preference for male babies, such as parental neglect and infanticide of female babies. In some countries women have to face genital mutilation on religious grounds. That practice has been described by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as an insult to human rights. It shows a lack of dignity from the part of men and a lack of equality between men and women. à ¢-  Modern Day slavery Some women who lead a bad life in poverty believe they can find a better life in a developed country. They are sometimes exploited by organisations who trick them into forced labour or sexual exploitation. Globalisation made it easier to move people around the world and people get in touch with organisations who promise a better life faster. Often they are taken to a developed country with the promise of a job as a nanny or housekeeper, but when they arrive they end up in prostitution. These women do not have the opportunity to react because they depend on the person who brought them there. The traffickers hold on to the necessary papers to keep these victims in the country. Seeing they cannot get in touch with the authorities, they are forced to live an illegal life. We often see that especially women of lower class groups are vulnerable. Also the political and economic crisis in some countries contributes to the trafficking of women, as it turns out to be a very lucrative business. When talking of human trafficking we are in fact dealing with international criminal organisations, meaning, highly mobile structures that are difficult to prosecute. In some countries we find members of the local government involved in this illegal business. Also, when a certain suspect is caught and brought to justice, it is very difficult to find witnesses or victims willing to testify against these traffickers. Because of the international character of the organisations, many people fear for their lives and those of their family members. In some Asian countries children often end up in the sex industry. Non-governmental organisations try to inform the parents about the potential dangers of illegal sex trade, the risks of HIV and the legal penalties involving the issue. Not only non-governmental organisations take action, also some governments state it is illegal to travel for the purpose of sex tourism. By discouraging people to take part of the sex industry, the government can diminish the problems. à ¢-  Violence against women (VAW) NGOs provide for rules to combat VAW. In Egypt, for example, women who were treated violently can receive legal advice and counselling on the one hand and help with other issues such as divorce and housing on the other hand. NGOs also control the implementation of laws and policies, which is a big challenge because some informants underreport or are biased (do not want to report family or friends). Another problem is the wrong interpretation of the laws.could you provide an example? It is not entirely clear as such There is also bureaucracy; in some countries, even developed ones like the US, VAW programs are diffused across different political tendencies. The government does not want to take part for a determinate side. This is not clear In poor countries in the developing world, there is not enough money to spend on programs to inform on violence against women. They often do not have the financial infrastructure to combat VAW. Because of the intervention of NGOs, people have become aware of the problem and pressure coming from the community increases. However, when violent behaviour is met with punishment, support from the community is lacking. Abuse still occurs, but when all members of society are involved to fight the problem, the number of incidents of abuse will decrease. à ¢-  The rise of NGOs As a result of globalisation, various organisations defend the rights of women around the world. In the last 50 years, many non-governmental organisations defending women and womens rights were founded. They work on different themes such as education, medical aid, development and so forth. As a result of their work, we will now find great female political leaders, even in underdeveloped countries like Benin. Those women inspire a lot of other women to educate themselves and fight for their equality. à ¢-  An interview with an Usbek girl Nastaya Buchok is an Usbek girl of 13 years old. She participated in a girls project that provides encouragement, support and training to select a group of young computer-orientated girls, sponsored by the International Research and Exchanges Board. This is what globalisation has done for her: Globalisation has really affected her life and that of other women too. Thanks to the program she learned that women can also be leaders and can build a future for themselves. When she has completed the program, she wants to cooperate with Youth Organisations. She says that technology can improve the status of women so they can become leaders in their community and be on the same level as men. à ¢-  Conclusion While reading about the subject of globalisation I found many pros and contras. The study on which I based my paper, mostly talks about positive results of globalisation, where women are concerned. Globalisation provides them with the opportunity to get an education and offers them the chance to stand up for themselves. Many non-governmental organisations which are zealously fighting for womens rights have been founded as a result of globalisation. In many underdeveloped countries women think that leading a life that is dominated by men is normal. They do not know what freedom means or that they have as many rights regarding education, health, politics and so on as men do. Now they are given a voice, the chance to develop. They get the opportunity to make a difference. By training, education, providing services and support the NGOs offer help to suppressed women. There are people who are lobbying with governments and international organisations for better policies. The process of change is very slow, but every result, even a tiny one, can make a big difference later. Because women are the ones who educate the children, the results can be seen after one generation already. If we are able to give the women of today a proper education, they will see the importance of going to school and then they will send their children to school. By doing so their children do not have to struggle to get an education, it will be the normal thing to do. If women are informed on how to build a healthy life, everyone in the family will benefit from it. Children have less chance to be undernourished and so less children will die. We can turn the tide so that mortality among children decreases. When women know how to protect themselves against diseases like HIV, the number of orphans will decrease as well as the number of children who are born with HIV or who will get contaminated by their mother because she is ignorant of the consequences of breastfeeding a child while being HIV positive. Working women have their own income, which will make them less dependent of their husbands. It also gives them a chance to build up a social network outside the home and away from the influence of the family. In every way, being in contact with other partners in adversity, they can widen their horizon. However, going outside is not self-evident for women in many societies and some religions speak negatively of women who are working. If a woman can secure a job in politics, they can fight the battle for their female population, because not every woman has the ability or the nerve to stand up for her rights. So, having strong women in politics who speak up and fight their battles for womens rights zealously, all womens situation can improve. In order to get more women to occupy important political mandates, NGOs set quota for the countries. As a result of this positive discrimination some countries already succeeded in having one-third of female politicians. A lot of woman are oppressed by their husband or his family. When we have politicians who know the problems women have to face and want to defend womens rights, laws can be made to help the weaker ones. The UN offers guidelines to countries to develop themselves and set rules to prevent atrocities like human mutilation. In the last paragraph I have given my personal conclusion on the subject globalisation and women. But I must admit that globalisation is a much more complex matter. I did not speak about the economic, environmental and cultural aspects of it. When I discussed the effect of globalisation on women, it all seemed positive. But the fact that we can travel all over the world in only 24 hours and that we in Belgium, for example, know that there has been an earthquake in Japan within a second also has negative consequences. Through globalisation many local cultures disappear and a new, multicultural society comes into existence. Because there is no break (what do you mean by this?) on economic globalisation, some natural sources are overexploited. In the early days, people only took what their society needed, now big companies reclaim without thinking of the consequences for the environment or without looking at the future. The only thing of importance is profit. Also, big companies grind down the population by putting people at work for starvation wages. They often are not averse to child labour. Another disadvantage of companies going abroad for the production of goods is that people in the rich countries are unemployed because factories are closing. When we put all the pros and contras together, globalisation is in many ways a blessing, especially in third world countries and for people who are discriminated or suffer disadvantages. Both mens and womens lives have improved and will continue to do so. Also it is thanks to globalisation that organisations like the United Nations, Unicef the WHO and other non- governmental organisation have been founded and that, as a consequence, the rights of the weak participants in all societies are defended. Those organisations take a look at the whole picture and every individual in it. NGOs watch that the Human Rights are being observed and take action if they are violated.

Victims Rights: Why Do Laws Protect the Criminal More than the Victim?

The criminal laws of the United States are more intent on protecting the rights of criminals than penalizing them. Today’s inmates live better off than most American citizens who are often working two jobs just to meet paying their taxes. A criminal can literally get away with murder because of a technicality, police can barely interrogate suspects without the suspects’ lawyers stating some legal issues that prevent further investigations. It almost seems that the very people who do not respect the law are above it. A criminal is obviously an individual who commits a crime, but what is crime? A crime is any act or omission of an act in violation of a public law. Though most laws are common throughout America, some laws are also established by local and state governments as well. Criminal laws and penalties vary from state to state. Crimes include both felonies and misdemeanors. Felonies are serious crimes like murder or rape and are punishable by imprisonment for a year or more. The consequence for felonies such as murder and treason can be the death penalty. Misdemeanors are less serious crimes like petty theft or speeding and are punishable by less than a year in prison. Fines are also punishments of both misdemeanors and felonies. The fine’s amount is determined by the seriousness of the case. However, no act is a crime unless it has been stated as such by an American law or statute. Why do criminals have rights in the first place? The laws of the United States were created to protect the rights of all individuals, even the ones that break the laws. Many of these laws are made in order to uphold the rights established in the Bill of Rights. When the United States was still developing, many states refused ... ...t to aid their client. Lawyers are by no means evil. They are simply doing their job. Unfortunately, the majority of them do it very well. And so long as criminals break the law, there will be lawyers to fight for them and defend them. It is very interesting to see that even though when someone breaks the law in the United States, they will still be protected by that very law. Even as one violates the rights of others, the law will make sure that their rights are protected. It almost seems that has more rights by breaking the law instead of following it. Police are prevented from using extreme force against them and lawyers are at the ready to serve these criminals. Criminals have forfeited their rights when they have violated the rights of others. Why should the law be so intent on protecting their rights, when they have no intent on following the law?

Develop Health and Safety and Risk Management Policies,

Legislative frameworks for Health and Safety and risk management within our work setting include: ?The Health and Safety at work Act 1974. This is in place to ensure that all people are kept safe at work or entering a workplace. We have the Health and Safety policy in place to protect all people. The staff are given a copy and this is reviewed to ensure that the nursery if keeping within the guidelines. ?Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981. This is to make sure that all staff has access to first aid within the workplace.At Roselodge we have a first aid kit on each floor and the kitchen. This is checked regularly by the Health and Safety Officer to keep the stock correct. ?Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) 1995. This is in place to give settings responsibility for reporting any injuries and illnesses to the HSE or local authority. Any of these are reported within the nursery and we ensure that accident forms are completed correct ly and that everyone is aware of the illnesses and exclusion periods.Control of Substance Hazardous to Health (COSHH) 2002.This is to ensure that workplaces minimise the risk of substances being hazardous to health. This is covered within the Health and Safety policy and all staff are made aware of the substances and how to correctly store these around the nursery. We have COSHH reports in case of an emergency with any of the COSHH products within the nursery. ?Data Protection 1998. This is to ensure that all personal information is kept safe and confidential. We have a confidentiality policy in place which all staff are made aware of. This is a written policy and reviewed.All information stored on paper is locked away and electronic information is password protected. ?Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992. This is to keep people safe and be provided with the appropriate protective clothing when dealing with a situation that could cause cross infection, free of char ge. ?Food Safety Act 1990, Food Hygiene Regulations 2006. This is to ensure that risks with food handling are minimised. Food Safety policy is written and people are made aware. Hygiene facilities are available through-out the nursery and procedures are adhered to at all times.Staff dealing with food has attended training on Food Safety.Children Act 1989, Children Act 2004. This sets boundaries and gives help to local authorities so that they can regulate official intervention in the interest of children. We ensure that the children are kept safe and any concerns are deal with appropriately and efficient. Our setting has over 5 employees and to keep with the Health and Safety Act 1974 we have written policies in place and people are made aware. We review these annually or more regular if needed.We have recently updated the policies to come in line with the Early Years Statutory Framework. We have risk assessments that are reviewed annually or if an incident occurs then more regularl y. It is stated within the staff contract and job description that all must comply with the written Health and Safety policies in place. The staff are regularly updated on Health and Safety in the staff meetings. All staff follow the procedures and if there is a case that they do not then it could be a risk of losing their job or causing injury to themselves or others.HSE inspectors can enter the workplace at any time. If finding a problem or breach of the law is made, then we would need to follow the HSE Enforcement Policy statement: ?Informal – minor incident. We would be advised to comply with the law and be given written confirmation with the legal requirement and the best practice advice. ?Improvement notice – served when a serious breach of the law has been committed. The inspector discusses the improvement notice and clarifies the issues. Notice will be given and that will state what issue is, when it needs to be completed and why it has been served.21 days is g iven to remedy or time for the workplace to go to an industrial tribunal if they wish ?Probation notice – situation which could be a risk to serous personal injury. The issue will be immediately halted and job stopped and the staff will not be able to carry this out again until the issue has been rectified. Risk assessment and risk management are essential within a childcare setting. It is important for all involved to be aware of how to minimise risk and control risk, this supports the children to then be able to assess and take controlled risk within the workplace.These assessments are completed and reviewed annually, new risk assessments are made when necessary. Health and Safety checks are completed daily at the start and end of the nursery day. If any risks or hazards are highlighted, these are dealt with immediately or the hazard is removed so not to cause an injury to anyone in the workplace. It is essential that all staff are aware of how to control risk and understan d how to support risk taking safely. This is done in house training and discussions also through external courses.

I am a leader Essay

I am naturally very friendly and enjoy talking to others, this will be beneficial during room check when girls are still awake and want to share things about their day. I am not shy and am not afraid to enforce the rules, especially the dress code, although I am a student. I am very creative and will enjoy decorating the hallway to make the girls feel welcome in my dorm. I am also and very organized and will be informative to the girls so that they will know about upcoming events each week such as dorm or campus devotionals and campus wide events. I will also remind them of certain events approaching such as clean sweep and saving energy week(s). I have been attending the Church of Christ since I was born. I now attend church at Crosswind Church of Christ while school is in session. I am extremely comfortable talking to students about their faith. I have spoken at girls devotional, been a prayer group leader at the three past retreats, was in charge of the Bible classes of Jr. Camp at MSYC last summer and will be this coming summer, and am currently the youth intern at Crosswinds COC and teach the High School girls Wednesday night class. This is an area that I feel very comfortable. I am a leader in many ways. I am holding leadership roles as officers in PKA and STEA and am a leader to the girls at my church, in my club and any one who sees my actions. I am constantly being a leader by representing the most Christ-like persona I am able to, at all times. Being in the positions that I am in make me a leader, but I try to be a positive leader regardless of what position I have.